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7 Get Checked for Cervical Cancer #20 in a ser i es of Health Bulletins on issues of pr essing int e r e st t o all New Yo r k ers What Is a Pap Test? • As part of a routine pelvic exam, your gynecologist or other health care provider takes a small sample from the cervix for examination at a laboratory. Who Should Get Pap Tests? • Pap tests are recommended every 1 to 3 years for all women age 18 and older who have ever been sexually active. The timing depends on your risk factors and past test results. • A woman over 65 may no longer need Pap tests if recent tests have been normal and she is not at higher risk for cervical cancer . • A woman who has had a total hysterectomy (removal of both the uterus and the cervix) no longer needs Pap tests, unless the surgery was done as a treatment for cervical cancer or pre- cancer . • Cancer ...

Chen, Yeung Qigong Therapy for Cancer in China Exploratory Studies of Qigong Therapy for Cancer in China Kevin Chen, PhD, MPH, and Raphael Yeung, BA The authors reviewed more than 50 studies of qigong ther- apy for cancer in China, in 3 categories: clinical studies on cancer patients, in vitro studies on laboratory-prepared can- cer cells, and in vivo studies on cancer -infected animals. Most of the clinical studies involved observation of cancer patients’ self-practice of qigong. Although no double-blind clinical trials were found among patient studies, many had a control. The qigong groups showed more improvement or had a better survival rate than conventional methods alone. In vitro studies report the inhibitory effect of qi emission on cancer growth, and in vivo studies find that qigong-treated groups have significantly reduced tumor growth ...

Neoadjuvant or Adjuvant Therapy for Resectable Gastric Cancer Practice Guideline Report #2-14 C.C. Earle, J. Maroun, L. Zuraw, and members of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group ORIGINAL GUIDELINE: December 2000 MOST RECENT LITERATURE SEARCH: May 12, 2003 NEW EVIDENCE ADDED TO THE GUIDELINE REPORT: May 21, 2003 New evidence found by update searches since completion of the original guideline is consistent with the original recommendations. SUMMARY Guideline Question Should patients with resectable gastric cancer (T1-4,N0-2,M0) receive neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy in addition to surgery? Target Population These recommendations apply to adult patients with potentially curable surgically resected (T1- 4,N0-2,M0) gastric cancer . Recommendation • Following surgical resection, patients whose tumours penetrated the muscularis propria or ...

Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for the palliative treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma Practice Guideline Report #11-1 VHC Bramwell, D Anderson, ML Charette, and members of the Sarcoma Disease Site Group ORIGINAL GUIDELINE: November 1999 MOST RECENT LITERATURE SEARCH: July 2004 Literature searches conducted since completion of the original guideline have found no new evidence relevant to the recommendations made in the guideline report. SUMMARY Guideline Questions 1. Is there an advantage, in terms of response rate or survival, in using doxorubicin-based combination chemotherapy compared with single-agent doxorubicin for palliative treatment of incurable locally advanced or metastatic STS? 2. Is the use of combination chemotherapy associated with increased toxic effects compared with the use of single-agent doxorubicin in this ...

A framework for adult cancer nursing Sponsored by: Page 2 Members of the RCN Cancer Working Party Sylvia Denton OBE FRCN RCN President Candy Cooley Head of Division Cancer and Palliative Care, University of Central England,Birmingham ValAston Clinical Nurse Specialist,Velindre NHS Trust, Whitchurch,Cardiff Anwen Davies Chemotherapy Nurse Specialist,Singleton Hospital, Swansea Maggie Grundy Senior Lecturer,The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen Liz Henderson Macmillan Lead Cancer Nurse,Belfast City Hospital Trust IsabelWhite Lecturer/Practitioner,Barts and the London NHS Trust and City University Acknowledgements The RCN Cancer Working Party would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions and help towards this publication. NulaAllen ...

6 Get Checked for Breast Cancer #19 in a series of Health Bulletins on issues of pressing interes t to all New Yorkers Mammograms save lives. Mammograms Are Safe and Effective • A mammogram is an X-ray examination of the breast to detect changes in breast tissue that may be cancer . Most changes in breast tissue are not cancer . The procedure usually takes about 20 minutes. • Mammograms are recommended every 1 to 2 years for women 40 and older. • Mammograms use very low levels of radiation, and do not pose health risks. • One mammogram exposes a woman to the same amount of radiation as a person would get flying from New York to California on a plane. • Breast cancer kills more than 1,200 New York City women each year. It kills more non-smoking women than any other cancer . • Regular mammograms can detect breast cancer early enough for ...

OPPORTUNISTIC ORAL CANCER SCREENING ISSUE NUMBER 6 APRIL 2000 Genetically altered cells Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Invasive cancer Accumulating cell mutations cause further abnormal growth and appearance, restricted to the epithelium. The lesion may remain unchanged indefinitely or additional mutation may lead to the next stage: a true neoplasm. Further genetic changes allow the malignant cells to invade underlying tissue and possibly enter the bloodstream or lymphatic systems, resulting in metastasis. There is now a host response. Genetic mutation prompts cells to proliferate instead of rest after their normal cycle of division. Additional mutations lead to excessive cell proliferation with abnormal cellular features and behaviour. A ...

23 Chapter 3: Lung Cancer Overview INTRODUCTION Learning about lung cancer is an important part of preparing for the decisions you will be making about your treatment and aftercare. The more you know about lung cancer , the better position you will be in to make informed decisions and advocate for your own interests. This chapter provides an overview of lung cancer topics including: lung cancer risk factors, how lung cancer develops, grows, and spreads, and types of lung cancers . The information will help you understand other chapters in this book, and your health care providers’ recommendations for your care. WHAT IS LUNG CANCER ? Lung cancer develops when normal lung cells sustain genetic damage that eventually leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation . Like all cancers , lung cancer cells have the ability to invade neighboring tissues and spread or metastasize ...

For more information about breast health or breast cancer , call the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation’s Toll-Free Helpline at 1.800 I’M AWARE ® (1.800.462.9273) or visit the Web site at www.komen.org. genetics & breast cancer Who has mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2? The likelihood that you have mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes is greater if one or more of the following statements is true for you: you are younger (below age 50) your mother, sister or daughter has had breast cancer before age 50 or ovarian cancer at any age a woman in your family has had both breast cancer and ovarian cancer a woman in your family has had breast cancer in both breasts your family is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent there is male breast cancer in your family Remember, most women who get breast cancer do not have an inherited gene mutation in ...

A T A G LANCE Preventing and Controlling Cancer : U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SAFER • HEALTHIER • PEOPLE™ The Nation’s Second Leading Cause of Death 2004 “CDC and our public health partners ensure the delivery of the latest scientific advances in cancer prevention to all people, including those in our smallest communities. These people often live far away from the universities and research centers where discoveries about cancer are made.” James S. Marks, MD, MPH Director National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Page 2 Deaths and New Cases Cancer , the second leading cause of death among Americans, is responsible for one of every four deaths in the United States. In 2004, over 560,000 Americans— ...

UPDATE MARCH 2004 European Association of Urology GUIDELINES ON PENILE CANCER * E. Solsona, F. Algaba, S. Horenblas, G. Pizzocaro, T. Windahl Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Reference 4 2 BACKGROUND 4 2.1 Classification 5 2.1.1 Pathology 5 2.1.2 TNM staging 6 2.2 References 6 3 RISK FACTORS FOR PENILE CARCINOMA 8 3.1 References 9 4 DIAGNOSIS 11 4.1 Primary lesion 11 4.2 Regional nodes 11 4.2.1 Non-palpable nodes 11 4.2.2 Palpable nodes 11 4.3 Distant metastases 12 4.4 Guidelines on diagnosis of penile cancer 12 4.5 References 13 5 TREATMENT 15 5.1 Primary lesion 15 ...

UPDATE MARCH 2004 European Association of Urology GUIDELINES ON TESTICULAR CANCER M.P. Laguna (Chairperson), O. Klepp, A. Horwich, F. Algaba, C. Bokemeyer, G. Pizzocaro, G. Cohn-Cedemark, P. Albers Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 BACKGROUND 4 1.1 Methods 4 2 PATHOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY 4 3 DIAGNOSIS 5 3.1 Clinical examination 5 3.2 Imaging of the Testis 5 3.3 Serum Tumor Markers at diagnostic 5 3.4 Inguinal exploration and orchiectomy 6 3.5 Organ sparing surgery 6 3.6 Pathological examination of the testis 6 3.7 Diagnosis of Carcinoma in situ (Tin) 6 3.8 Screening 7 4 STAGING 7 4.1 Diagnostic tools 7 4.2 Serum tumour markers. Postorchiectomy ...

National Overview Breast Cancer Services www.clinicalstandards.org Clinical Standards Board for Scotland Page 2 © CSBS 2002 ISBN 1-903766-74-5 First published March 2002 Further details on the process by which the Board will achieve its objectives can be found in the comprehensive Clinical Standards Board for Scotland (CSBS) ‘Quality Assurance & Accreditation Manual’ (August 2000). Copies of the Clinical Standards for Breast Cancer are also available from CSBS. The CSBS consents to the photocopying, electronic reproduction by ‘upload- ing’ or ‘downloading’ from the website, retransmission, or other copying of the findings of this report for the purpose of implementation in NHSScotland. Clinical Standards Board for Scotland Elliott House 8-10 Hillside Crescent Edinburgh EH7 5EA Copies of this report and of the reports ...

Updated June 2004 Gynecologic Cancer Awareness Month Fact Sheet Commonly Asked Questions What are gynecologic cancers ? Gynecologic cancers are the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells originating in the female reproductive organs, including the cervix, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina and vulva. What causes gynecologic cancers ? Biomedical research has discovered that some classes of genes, called oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, promote the growth of cancer . You can acquire abnormal function of these genes during life (e.g., through smoking, aging, environmental influences) or you can inherit gene mutations from your parents or grandparents. In one instance – cervical cancer – cancer is caused by a sexually transmitted virus. Can gynecologic cancers be prevented? Diet, exercise and lifestyle choices play a significant role in the prevention of cancer . ...

Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York State (BCERF) FACT SHEET #43 September 2001 Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology Cornell Center for the Environment Breast Cancer in Men Breast cancer is a rare disease among men. Many of the risk factors for male breast cancer are the same or similar to the risk factors for breast cancer in women. The survival of men with breast cancer is lower than survival in women but this results from death due to other health problems rather than breast cancer itself. How common is breast cancer in men? Breast cancer is a very uncommon disease in men. For the year 2001, it is estimated that 1,500 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer . This is a small number relative to the 192,200 women projected to be diagnosed with breast cancer and ...

Capecitabine in Stage IV Breast Cancer Practice Guideline Report #1-16 Version 2.2003 E. Tomiak, S. Verma, M. Trudeau, P. Robinson, and Members of the Breast Cancer Disease Site Group Report Date: November 26, 2003 (This practice guideline report replaces a evidence summary originally published in 2000) SUMMARY Guideline Questions 1. What is the role of capecitabine as second-, third-, or fourth-line chemotherapy in stage IV (metastatic) breast cancer ? • What is its role in anthracycline failure? • What is its role in taxane failure? 2. What is the role of capecitabine as first-line chemotherapy in stage IV (metastatic) breast cancer ? Target Population These recommendations apply to women with stage IV (metastatic) breast cancer who are anthracycline-resistant or who have previously received an anthracycline as adjuvant therapy. ...

page 1 of 2 Do You Have Cancer in Your Family? Do You Have Cancer in Your Family? Cancer genetic counseling may be helpful to you. Many people have at least one relative with cancer . Cancer is very common, but only 5 to 10% of people with cancer have an inherited cancer . ?Inherited? refers to something that ?runs in families? and may be passed down from parents to children. Genetic tests are available for some inherited cancers . This brochure answers some common questions about inherited cancer and genetic testing. A cancer genetics specialist can discuss these issues in more detail and address other concerns. Cancer genetics specialists may include genetic counselors, genetics doctors, oncologists, and advanced practice nurses with special training in cancer genetics. Why are some cancers inherited? Inherited cancer is caused by a change in a gene. Genes are like ...

Guidance on Cancer Services – Improving Outcomes in Colorectal Cancers – Manual Update Page 2 Page 3 Guidance on Cancer Services Improving Outcomes in Colorectal Cancers Manual Update National Institute for Clinical Excellence NHS Page 4 Improving Outcomes in Colorectal Cancers Cancer service guidance supports the implementation of The NHS Cancer Plan for England, 1 and the NHS Plan for Wales Improving Health in Wales. 2 The service guidance programme was initiated in 1995 to follow on from the Calman-Hine Report, A Policy Framework for Commissioning Cancer Services. 3 The focus of the cancer service guidance is to guide the commissioning of services and is therefore different from clinical practice guidelines. ...

Visiting Nurse Services of Michigan Health Highlights What is Cancer ? If you have questions regarding prognostic information, you should talk with your doctor. He or she is most familiar with your situation and is in the best position to help interpret statistics and discuss your prognosis. Your physician may refer you to a cancer specialist for further evaluation. The Great Lakes Cancer Institute (GLCI) is a network of more than 300 cancer specialists working together to beat cancer . GLCI has many locations throughout mid- Michigan and is the largest network of cancer specialists in the country. Offering advanced treatment technologies as well as clinical trials. For more information speak with your physician or call GLCI at 866-696-4524 or visit their website at www.glci.com – Information was obtained from www. cancer .gov Health Highlights ...

Use of Bisphosphonates in Women with Breast Cancer Practice Guideline Report #1-11 (Version 2.2002) D Warr, M Johnston, and members of the Breast Cancer Disease Site Group ORIGINAL GUIDELINE: December 6, 2002 MOST RECENT LITERATURE SEARCH: February 2004 NEW EVIDENCE ADDED TO GUIDELINE REPORT: February 2004 RECOMMENDATIONS MODIFIED: April 2004 This practice guideline report replaces an earlier version of the report that was completed in 1998 and published as: Bloomfield D, Warr D, Whelan T, Pritchard K, Levine M, and the Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative Breast Cancer Disease Site Group, and the Systemic Treatment Disease Site Group. Use of bisphosphonates in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer . Curr Oncol 1999;6:144-54. Based on new evidence that has emerged since completion of the original guideline, the Breast Cancer Disease Site Group ...

Mar 2004 National Committee on Cancer Care Ministry of Health MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 4/2004 Page 2 Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation A (evidence levels Ia, Ib) B (evidence levels IIa, IIb, III) C (evidence level IV) GPP (good practice points) Requires at least one randomised controlled trial, as part of the body of literature of overall good quality and consistency addressing the specific recommendation. Requires availability of well conducted clinical studies but no randomised clinical trials on the topic of recommendation. Requires evidence obtained from expert committee reports or opinions and/or clinical experiences of respected authorities. Indicates absence of directly applicable clinical studies of good quality. Recommended best practice based ...

CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES Cervical Cancer MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 1/2003 NMRC National Medical Research Council Feb 2003 Ministry of Health National Committee on Cancer Care Page 2 Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation Levels of evidence Level Type of Evidence Ia Ib IIa IIb III IV Evidence obtained from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Evidence obtained from at least one randomised controlled trial. Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed controlled study without randomisation Evidence obtained from at least one other type of well-designed quasi-experimental study. Evidence obtained from well-designed non-experimental descriptive studies, such as comparative studies, correlation studies ...

What Does the State do to Monitor Cancer ? The California Cancer Registry (CCR) monitors the oc- currence of cancer among Californians, both incidence (new diagnoses) and mortality (deaths). The CCR, which is run by the California Department of Health Services in collaboration with the Public Health Institute and ten regional cancer registries,is an essen- tial tool for the prevention and control of cancer in California. By law, all new cancer cases diagnosed in California since January of 1988 have been reported to the CCR, with strict guidelines to maintain patient confidentiality. CCR uses the information for research into cancer causes and prevention,and for active collaboration with other health researchers seeking to lessen the impact of cancer on the citizens of California. In addition, it publishes reports each year summarizing statewide can- cer case rates and ...

CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES Cancer Pain MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 5/2003 NMRC National Medical Research Council Mar 2003 Ministry of Health Page 2 Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation Levels of evidence Level Type of Evidence Ia Ib IIa IIb III IV Evidence obtained from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Evidence obtained from at least one randomised controlled trial. Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed controlled study without randomisation. Evidence obtained from at least one other type of well-designed quasi-experimental study. Evidence obtained from well-designed non-experimental descriptive studies, such as comparative studies, correlation studies and case studies. Evidence obtained from expert ...

How Does the California Cancer Registry Work? Cancer became a reportable disease with the en- actment of Health and Safety Code, Section 103885 in 1985. The CCR has gathered information on all cancers diagnosed in California since 1988. (The only exceptions are basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and carcinoma in situ of the cervix.) The CCR is a three-level system: 6 Medical treatment facilities collect and report can- cer data from their medical records. Physicians report information on cancer patients who are not referred to a medical treatment facility. 6 A network of ten regional registries receives these data and checks for accuracy,performs analyses, and conducts studies specific to the local area. The central registry in Sacramento collates these data, performs additional quality control and analyzes the data on a statewide basis. What ...

Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2001-2002 Page 2 Table of Contents What is breast cancer ? 1 Who gets breast cancer ? 1 How has the occurrence of breast cancer changed over time? 3 What factors influence breast cancer survival? 5 What are the known risk factors for breast cancer ? 7 Can breast cancer be prevented? 9 How can breast cancer be detected early? 10 How is breast cancer treated? 11 What research is currently being done on breast cancer ? 14 What resources are available in your community? 15 What is the American Cancer Society doing about breast cancer ? 16 Sources of Statistics 17 References 18 Acknowledgments The production of this report would not have been possible without the efforts of: Cheryll Cardinez, MSPH, Vilma Cokkinides, PhD, ...

W.L. Chen, Y.C. Luan, M.C. Shieh, S.T. Chen, H.T. Kung, K.L. Soong, Y.C. Yeh, T.S. Chou, S.H. Mong, J.T. Wu, C.P.Sun,W.P.Deng,M.F.Wu,M.L.Shen Introduction ABSTRACT An extraordinary incident occurred 20 years ago in Taiwan. Recycled steel, accidentally contaminated with cobalt-60 (half-life: 5.3 y), was formed into construction steel for more than 180 buildings, which 10,000 persons occupied for 9 to 20 years. They unknowingly received radiation doses that averaged 0.4 Sv—a “collective dose” of 4,000 person-Sv. Based on the observed seven cancer deaths, the cancer mortality rate for this population was assessed to be 3.5 per 100,000 person-years. Three children were born with congenital heart malformations, indicating a prevalence rate of 1.5 cases per 1,000 children under age 19. The average spontaneous cancer death rate in the general population of Taiwan over these 20 ...

Symptomatic Treatment of Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Practice Guideline Report # 5-5 ORIGINAL GUIDELINE: October 15, 1998 MOST RECENT LITERATURE SEARCH: March 2004 NEW EVIDENCE ADDED TO GUIDELINE REPORT: March 2004 New evidence found by update searches since completion of the original guideline is consistent with the original recommendations. SUMMARY Guideline Question Are there effective interventions for symptomatic xerostomia following conventionally fractionated radical radiotherapy for head and neck cancer ? Target Population These recommendations apply to adult head and neck cancer patients with symptomatic xerostomia following radiation therapy. Recommendations • For head and neck cancer patients with symptomatic xerostomia following radiation therapy using conventional fractionation schedules, pilocarpine at ...