[1831]
Lung Cancer Radiotherapy is widely used in treating lung cancer ...
[129,8 KB]
From [www.ranzcr.edu.au] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
INCIDENCE:
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates, Invasive Lung Cancer
Pennsylvania Residents, 1990-2000
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1991
1992 1993
1994
1995
1996 1997
1998
1999 2000
2001
MORTALITY:
Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates, Lung Cancer
Pennsylvania Residents, 1991-2001
Lung cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer
diagnosed among both men and women in Pennsylvania. In
2000, there were 9,904 cases of invasive lung and bronchus
cancer diagnosed. The age-adjusted incidence rate in 2000 was
68.6 per 100,000. In 1990 there were 8,563 cases reported for a
rate of 62.9. Total numbers and rates have been on the increase
since 1990. The ...
[1832]
Lung Cancer Risk From Lung Cancer Risk From Exposure to Radon in ...
[435,7 KB]
From [www2.warwick.ac.uk] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Deaths
BF
WF
BM
WM
Total
NR
21
396
62
881
1,360
Age-adjusted Death Rates by Region, Race and Sex
MSA
351
1,811
742
2,966
5,870
Alabama 1998 to 2000
SR
70
267
155
553
1,045
Rate per 100,000 2000 standard million
BB
53
65
145
132
395
Total
495
2,539
1,104
4,532
8,670
Lung cancer
Race-sex-region-specific age-adjusted death rates; significance tests are at the 95% confidence level
Region is not a significant predictor of mortality for black males or black females.
South rural and metropolitan white males have a significantly higher rate than north rural white males.
White metropolitan females have a significantly higher rate than those in the north rural region.
The rate for black males is significantly ...
[1833]
Lung cancer risk from exposure to radon in the home - are policies ...
[40,7 KB]
From [www2.warwick.ac.uk] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
1
Lung cancer risk from exposure to radon in the home - are policies in the United
Kingdom appropriate to the risk?
Andrew T. Arthur
MPH MCIEH FRSH
Abstract:
At present, residential exposure to radon gas and its radioactive decay particles is predicted to
be a major cause of lung cancer . The degree of risk of lung cancer is predicted from models
based largely on data from studies of underground miners. These cohorts of miners were
exposed to radon at much higher levels than encountered in the majority of homes and as such,
the projected risks may be overstated.
This is an area of public health policy over which there has been considerable scientific debate
and on which there still remains disagreement and controversy. The controversial issues are
examined and discussed and the evidence from residential studies of radon and lung cancer is
...
[1834]
Agenda: ASCO/FDA Lung Cancer Endpoints Workshop April 15, 2003 ...
[73,6 KB]
From [www.fda.gov] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Agenda: ASCO/FDA Lung Cancer Endpoints Workshop
April 15, 2003
Presentations:
1.
Opening comments by Dr. Bunn and Dr. Pazdur
2.
Regulatory background
-Approval standards and approval endpoints (non- lung )
Dr.Williams
-Approval endpoints for lung cancer
Dr. Cohen
-Endpoints used internationally
Dr. Canetta
3.
Classical lung cancer endpoints
Dr. Johnson
4.
Nonclassical lung cancer endpoints
Dr. Gralla
Morning session: discussions on endpoints
Topics for discussion:
1.
Discuss the pros and cons of each of the endpoints (classical and non-classical) as
a primary efficacy endpoint, specifically:
a. as a measure of, or a reliable surrogate for, clinical benefit (the efficacy
standard for regular drug approval)
b. as a surrogate reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit (the efficacy ...
[1835]
NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER - Issues -
[811,0 KB]
From [www.fda.gov] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
lung
cancer
NON-TRADITIONAL ENDPOINTS IN LUNG CANCER - Patient Reported Outcomes -
Richard J. Gralla, MD
New York Lung Cancer Alliance
New York, New York
ENDPOINTS IN DECISION-MAKING - Clinical Trials and Patient Management -
Should become the most used parameter
Appropriate if Survival Differences Unlikely
QoL
The most commonly used parameter
Considered to be Unreliable
RESPONSE
Not relevant for individual patients
Appropriate if Survival Difference is likely
SURVIVAL
MANAGEMENT
TRIALS
NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER - Quality of Life at Baseline: Influence on Survival - - Prospective Analysis of 673 Patients at 30 Centers -
* p = 0.0001, using the LCSS quality of life instrument ...
[1836]
POSSIBLE OCCUPATIONAL LUNG CANCER IN NEPAL
[40,1 KB]
From [member.wnso.org] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
JNMA, January - February, 2003, 42
POSSIBLE OCCUPATIONAL LUNG CANCER IN NEPAL
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2003; 42 : 1-5
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between occupational exposures and the
development of lung cancer among the patients attending Bhaktapur Cancer Care Center, Bhaktapur,
Nepal. The study subjects consisted of 85 cases of lung cancer and a reference group of 40 cases of colon
cancer . Demographic data and information about work history was obtained by a structured interview.
Based on the occupational history, subjects were divided into exposed and non-exposed groups concerning
carcinogenic agents. Exposure prone occupations like agriculture, construction of buildings, construction of
roads and bridges, manufacturing, and transport were categorised as exposed occupations. Similarly, ...
[1837]
PET scanning for staging of Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer
[1499,1 KB]
From [hematology.im.wustl.edu] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
lung
cancer
PET scanning for staging of Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer
Giancarlo Pillot
12 Sep 2003
Talk Overview
Background Statistics
Staging Overview
Traditional Staging methods
Clinical Exam and history
CXR
CT Chest
Surgical Staging
Talk Overview
PET scanning
Physics
Staging Trials
"Preoperative Staging of Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer with PET"
Co- registered images trial
“Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Integrated Positron- Emission Tomography and Computed Topography”
Future directions
Background
Lung cancer (of all types) is the second most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death
Lung cancer mortality rate ...
[1838]
Lung Cancer
[841,7 KB]
From [hcp.iressa.com] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
lung
cancer
Lung Cancer
Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment
Estimated new cases (incidence) and deaths (mortality) worldwide for the 15 most common cancers, 2000
Thousands
Lung
Breast
Colon/rectum
Stomach
Liver
Prostate
Cervix uteri
Oesophagus
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Oral cavity
Leukaemia
Pancreas
Ovary
Kidney
Males
Females
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Parkin et al 2001
Age-adjusted lung cancer death rates, USA (1930-1998) and the influence of smoking
80
60
40
20
0
1930
1940
1950 ...
[1839]
PALLIATIVE CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS
[76,0 KB]
From [www.onconet.kiev.ua] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Experimental Oncology 25, 143-145, 2003 (June)
143
Many patients with advanced locoregional non-
small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), presenting recurrent
primary tumors in the chest or metastatic disease, will
at some point require palliative treatment for one or more
symptoms in association with their disease process.
This type of therapy includes radiotherapy, brachythe-
rapy, chemotherapy and cryotherapy with the intention
to reduce the severity of the symptoms, as well as to
improve the quality of life in patients suffering from en-
dobronchial lung tumors.
The efficacy of irradiation in relieving symptoms such
as hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea and chest pain by us-
Received: May 07, 2003.
*Correspondence:
Fax: +3-26510-97850;
E-mail: kcharala@cc.uoi.gr
Abbreviation used : NSCLC ? non-small cell lung cancer .
PALLIATIVE CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE
IN ...
[1840]
Lung Cancer
[11,1 KB]
From [ph.state.al.us] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Deaths
BF
WF
BM
WM
Total
NR
21
396
62
881
1,360
Age-adjusted Death Rates by Region, Race and Sex
MSA
351
1,811
742
2,966
5,870
Alabama 1998 to 2000
SR
70
267
155
553
1,045
Rate per 100,000 2000 standard million
BB
53
65
145
132
395
Total
495
2,539
1,104
4,532
8,670
Lung cancer
Race-sex-region-specific age-adjusted death rates; significance tests are at the 95% confidence level
Region is not a significant predictor of mortality for black males or black females.
South rural and metropolitan white males have a significantly higher rate than north rural white males.
White metropolitan females have a significantly higher rate than those in the north rural region.
The rate for black males is significantly ...
[1841]
LUNG CANCER 101: DISEASE OVERVIEW
[121,1 KB]
From [www.lungcancer.org] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
-more-
LUNG CANCER 101: DISEASE OVERVIEW
The Condition
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. While
normal lung tissue cells reproduce and develop into healthy lungs, these abnormal cells
reproduce rapidly and never grow into normal lungs. Lumps of cancer cells (tumors) then form
and disrupt the lung , making it difficult for the lung to function properly.
More than 87 percent of lung cancers are smoking related. However, not all smokers develop
lung cancer . Smoking cessation reduces an individual’s risk significantly, although former
smokers remain at greater risk for lung cancer compared to people who never smoked.
Exposure to other carcinogens such as asbestos and radon gas also increase an individual’s
risk, especially when combined with cigarette or cigar smoking.
Types
The two main ...
[1842]
LUNG CANCER FACTS
[61,0 KB]
From [www.idph.state.il.us] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Illinois Department of Public Health
q
535 West Jefferson Street
q
Springfield, Illinois 62761
q
217.782.3300
www.idph.state.il.us
q
TTY800.547.0466
LUNG CANCER FA C T S
E v e ry Breath Counts
3
FACTS
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death.
In Illinois, between 1973 and 1992, the death
rate from lung cancer rose more than the rate for
all other cancers combined, including breast,
prostate and colorectal cancers. In Illinois, pro-
jections for 2001 indicate that there will be more
than 8,540 new cases of invasive lung cancer
and more than 7,000 people will die. Experts
predict that in the next four years, twice as many
women will die from lung cancer as from breast
cancer .
The lungs are large and cancer can grow in them
for a ...
[1843]
New Approaches for Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Local Treatments
[295,8 KB]
From [www.moffitt.usf.edu] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
R A D I A T I O N T H E R A P Y f o r
LUNG CANCER
Facts to Help Patients
Understand Their
Treatment
ABOUT
ASTRO
The American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and
Oncology is the largest radiation oncology society in the
world. ASTRO's mission is to advance radiation oncology by
promoting excellence in patient care, supporting research
and distributing research results.
LEARNING ABOUT
CLINICAL TRIALS
The radiation oncology team is always looking for new ways
to treat and cure cancer through studies called clinical trials.
Today's lung cancer radiation therapy treatments are the
result of clinical trials completed in the past proving that
radiation therapy kills cancer cells and is safe long term. For
more information on clinical trials, please visit the following
Web sites:
National Cancer Institute ...
[1844]
LUNG CANCER in Pennsylvania
[32,1 KB]
From [www.dsf.health.state.pa.us] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
INCIDENCE:
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates, Invasive Lung Cancer
Pennsylvania Residents, 1990-2000
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1991
1992 1993
1994
1995
1996 1997
1998
1999 2000
2001
MORTALITY:
Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates, Lung Cancer
Pennsylvania Residents, 1991-2001
Lung cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer
diagnosed among both men and women in Pennsylvania. In
2000, there were 9,904 cases of invasive lung and bronchus
cancer diagnosed. The age-adjusted incidence rate in 2000 was
68.6 per 100,000. In 1990 there were 8,563 cases reported for a
rate of 62.9. Total numbers and rates have been on the increase
since 1990. The ...
[1845]
164.476 Lung cancer research fund -- Consortium between ...
[7,7 KB]
From [www.lrc.state.ky.us] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
164.476 Lung cancer research fund -- Consortium between Universities of
Kentucky and Louisville to be known as the Governance Board of the Lung
Cancer Research Project -- Annual audit.
(1) The " Lung Cancer Research Fund" is created and shall receive funds each year from
the Kentucky health care improvement fund in the amount specified in KRS
304.17B-003(5)(b). The lung cancer research fund shall be used to finance the Lung
Cancer Research Project described in subsection (5) of this section. No revenues
from the lung cancer research fund shall be allocated until the board has adopted the
strategic plan described in subsections (5) and (6) of this section.
(2) A research consortium between the University of Kentucky and the University of
Louisville is created and shall be known as the Governance Board of the Lung
Cancer Research Project. The consortium shall be ...
[1846]
Lung cancer is the most common fatal cancer in the developed world ...
[25,1 KB]
From [www.britishlungfoundation.org] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
5
Chemoprevention of lung cancer : from concept to reality
Roczniki Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku ·
Vol. 48, 2003
· Annales Academiae Medicae Bialostocensis
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE:
Department of Thoracic Oncology
Netherlands Cancer Institute
Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
e-mail: n.v.zandwijk@nki.nl tel.: 3120 5122958 fax: 31 20 5122752
Received 3.07.2003 Accepted 10.07.2003
Abstract
Among all cancer , lung cancer is the leading cause of
cancer death in the western world. The poor lung cancer
survival figures argue powerfully for new approaches to
control this disease such as chemoprevention, that has been
defined as the use of agents that reverse, suppress or pre-
vent lung carcinogenesis.
Over 80% of lung cancers are attributed to tobacco and
carcinogens from cigarette smoke ...
[1847]
Lung Cancer in Women Ask most people which cancer is the leading ...
[8,7 KB]
From [www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Philadelphia, PA
www.fccc.edu
? FACULTY ?
Melvyn Goldberg, MD
Vice Chairman, Surgical Oncology
Chief, Thoracic Surgical Oncology
?
Fox Chase Cancer Center
Corey J. Langer, MD, FACP
Medical Director, Thoracic Medical Oncology
?
Fox Chase Cancer Center
Benjamin Movsas, MD
Vice Chairman, Radiation Oncology
?
Fox Chase Cancer Center
Michael Unger, MD, FACP, FCCP
Director, Pulmonary Cancer Detection and
Prevention Program
Director, Pulmonary Endoscopy and High-Risk
Lung Cancer Program
?
Fox Chase Cancer Center
STATEMENT OF THE FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER DISCLOSURE POLICY
It is the policy of Fox Chase Cancer Center to insure that all sponsored continuing
medical education activities are independently designed and produced, relative ...
[1848]
Mutation Alert! A Lung Cancer Poster Project
[120,5 KB]
From [www.nature.ca] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Research Updates
January 2004
Alliance for Lung Cancer Advocacy, Support, and Education
500 W. 8
th
Street, Suite 240, Vancouver, WA 98660
Lung Cancer Hotline: 800-298-2436 (US only)
www.alcase.org
1
Trastuzumab (Herceptin
®
) Adds Little to Effects of Standard Chemotherapy
for Advanced NSCLC
Researchers from Germany have announced results from a phase II clinical trial
that studied the effects of trastuzumab (Herceptin
®
) in combination with standard
chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. The study of 100 people
found the addition of trastuzumab led to no significant improvements over
chemotherapy alone.
1
While the results were disappointing, researchers stated
there may still be a role for trastuzumab (a monoclonal antibody) among people
whose lung cancer ...
[1849]
Plutonium might be deadlier than thought - Lung cancer danger ...
[38,7 KB]
From [www.etceteraweb.com] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Plutonium might be deadlier than thought - Lung cancer danger occurs even at 'safe'
levels, study says
Rocky Mountain News
April 18, 2003
http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_1898112,00.html
People who inhale plutonium have a higher risk of lung cancer than previously believed,
according to a study of Rocky Flats workers.
The link between plutonium and lung cancer occurs even at levels currently considered safe, the
study concluded.
People who inhaled plutonium were more than twice as likely to get lung cancer as those who
had not. That risk level is equivalent to smoking a pack of cigarettes a day for between 12 and 20
years, said Dr. James Ruttenber of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, who led
the study.
"Those results suggest a risk from plutonium higher than seen before," Ruttenber said.
He, along with colleagues ...
[1850]
Understanding Lung Cancer & New Directions in Research and ...
[39,9 KB]
From [www.mc.vanderbilt.edu] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
lung
cancer
Understanding Lung Cancer & New Directions in Research and Treatment Options
David P. Carbone, M.D., Ph.D.
We = re going to have several physicians speak today. I = m going to start out talking about lung cancer in general and some of the things we = re doing. This is not really about the lung cancer SPORE grant but rather about lung cancer and how it affects patients. The SPORE grant is just a mechanism to use to try to help lung cancer patients. Dr. Choy is going to talk to us a little bit about the radiation aspects of lung cancer and some other issues. This afternoon Dr. Sandler is going to talk to you about clinical trials that we = re doing. So I = m not going to focus on specific clinical trials, I = m just going to give you brief summaries. This is my message for my talk and I = m going to start out ...
[1851]
Recent changes in lung cancer incidence for south Asians
[111,8 KB]
From [www.studentbmj.com] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Recent changes in lung cancer
incidence for south Asians
Lucy K Smith, Michael D Peake, Johannes L Botha
In England, the incidence of lung cancer among south
Asians (Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi) is much lower
than in the rest of the population.
1
In the UK, south Asian
population, however, it is the commonest cancer for men
and the second commonest for women.
2
We explored
trends in lung cancer incidence from 1990 to 1999 in
Leicester (22% of residents classified as south Asian in
1991 census).
Participants, methods, and results
We identified cases of lung cancer diagnosed in Leicester
residents between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 1999
from the Trent Cancer Registry. Ethnicity data were not
available for all patients, so we used software assessing
forename and surname to classify patients as ...
[1852]
Lung Cancer Incidence by ZIP Code Females, New York State 1993 ...
[391,6 KB]
From [www.health.state.ny.us] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
[1853]
Lung Cancer Incidence by ZIP Code Males, Kings County (Brooklyn) ...
[29,4 KB]
From [www.health.state.ny.us] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
[1854]
Lung Cancer Incidence by ZIP Code Females, Kings County (Brooklyn) ...
[29,4 KB]
From [www.health.state.ny.us] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
[1855]
news release New procedures available for lung cancer patients
[39,4 KB]
From [www.crha-health.ab.ca] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
October 9, 2002
news release
New procedures available for lung cancer patients
Lung cancer patients are benefiting from new interventional bronchoscopy procedures in the Calgary
Health Region.
Dr. Alain Tremblay, a respirologist at Foothills Hospital and one of few physicians in Canada who
performs these procedures, offers lung cancer patients an opportunity to have tumors removed by guiding a
catheter and camera through the trachea in a minimally invasive procedure. Prior to these procedures, the
only available treatment for lung cancer patients was radiation therapy.
"These procedures improve the quality of life, and in some cases can extend length of life," says Tremblay.
"We are able to remove blockages in the lungs caused by inflammatory disease, tumors or scarring with
procedures that reduce hospitalization stays from two weeks to as soon as the next day."
The procedures ...
[1856]
FDG-PET imaging of Lung Cancer, the first experience in Czech ...
[228,5 KB]
From [www.homolka.cz] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
[1857]
Helping Patients with Lung Cancer Quit Smoking: An Attainable Goal
[45,5 KB]
From [www.hospitalphysician.com] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
B.C. Cancer Agency Protocol Summary LUNAVP
Page 1 of
1
TREATMENT FOR ADVANCED NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
(NSCLC) WITH CISPLATIN AND VINORELBINE (INTERIM
VERSION)
Protocol Code:
LUNAVP
Tumour Group:
Lung
Contact Physician:
Dr. Christopher Lee
ELIGIBILITY:
Advanced non-small cell lung cancer
ECOG performance status of 0, 1 or 2
EXCLUSIONS:
More than one previous chemotherapy regimen
TESTS:
Baseline: CBC & differential, platelets, creatinine, liver function tests, bilirubin
Before each treatment: CBC and differential, platelets
If clinically indicated: creatinine, bilirubin prior to each cycle
PREMEDICATIONS:
Antiemetic protocol for High Moderate emetogenic chemotherapy protocols as
long as cisplatin dose is not = 50 mg. If cisplatin is = 50 mg use antiemetic
protocol for Highly emetogenic ...
[1858]
Primary Lung Cancer Check-Off Sheet
[306,0 KB]
From [www.hc-sc.gc.ca] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
PATIENT HOSPITAL #
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY #
DATE:
Procedure
Lymph Nodes
Bronchoscopy
Mediastinoscopy
Wedge Resection
Segmentectomy
N2 NODES
Total
Positive
Lobectomy
Bi-lobectomy
1. Highest mediastinal
Pneumonectomy
2. Upper paratracheal
Site
right
Right lung
Left lung
left
RU lobe
LU lobe
3. Pre and retrotracheal
RM lobe
LL lobe
4. Lower paratracheal
RL lobe
right
Maximum tumor diameter
cm
left
Bronchial involvement
5. Aortopulmonary
Main
6. Anterior mediastinal
Lobar
7. Subcarinal
Segmental
8. Paraesophageal
Subsegmental
9. Pulmonary ligament
None
N1 NODES
Total
Positive
Histological type:
10. Hilar
Differentiation
right
Well
Other
left ...
[1859]
Lung Cancer Survey 2001
[13,9 KB]
From [www.stonybrookhospital.com] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
Lung Cancer Survey 2001
Page 2
Figure 1. Smoking History - 131 newly diagnosed
lung cancer patients at Stony Brook Hospital in 2001
Current
54%
Former
37%
Never
6%
Unknown
3%
Current
Former
Never
Unknown
Page 3
Figure 2. Gender distribution for lung cancer patients
at Stony Brook Hospital in 2001 compared to
National Cancer Data Base 1994-1998 benchmark
report.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Males
Females
Stony Brook
NCDB
Page 4
Figure 3. Age at diagnosis of lung cancer at Stony
Brook Hospital in 2001 compared to National
Cancer Database 1994-1998 benchmark report.
0
10
20
30 ...
[1860]
LUNG CANCER (Small Cell Lung Cancer) Limited stage
[49,8 KB]
From [www.haaac.org] Last viewed: 13.07.2004
RISK FACTOR INFORMATION FOR SELECTED CANCER TYPES
Source: Community Assessment Unit, Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment, Massachusetts Department of Public Health
July, 2001
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer generally arises in the epithelial tissue of the lung . Several different histologic or
cell types of lung cancer have been observed. The various types of lung cancer occur in different
regions of the lung and each type is associated with slightly different risk factors (Blot and
Fraumeni 1996). The most common type of lung cancer in the United States today is
adenocarcinoma which accounts for about 40% of all lung cancers (ACS, 2000). The greatest
established risk factor for all types of lung cancer is cigarette smoking, followed by occupational
and environmental exposures.
The incidence of lung cancer increases sharply with age peaking ...