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Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer : sources of variability and diagnostic implications Jarzab B., Wiench M., Fujarewicz K., Simek K., Jarzab M., Oczko M., Wloch J., Czarniecka A., Chmielik E., Lange D., Pawlaczek A., Szpak S., Gubala E., Swierniak A. Recurrent Feature Replacement Recurrent Feature Replacement (RFR), an iterative method based on the Support Vector Machines (SVM) technique, aims to find an optimal gene subset in a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. In successive steps of the algorithm the set of genes was modified (one gene was removed and one gene was introduced) so that the performance index (based on the worst result of the leave-one-out cross-validation) was maximized. For the analysis, genes were pre-selected to reduce computational load. We used modified Sebestyen Criterion and Neighbourhood Analysis. The first method selected genes based on quality ...

Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer : sources of variability and diagnostic implications Jarzab B., Wiench M., Fujarewicz K., Simek K., Jarzab M., Oczko M., Wloch J., Czarniecka A., Chmielik E., Lange D., Pawlaczek A., Szpak S., Gubala E., Swierniak A. Quality Threshold clustering of genes from SVD analysis To determine which genes within the SVD set showed similar expression patterns, we performed Quality Threshold (QT) clustering of the whole set, selecting clusters of genes highly correlated to each other and we detected five clusters of strongly correlated genes (see Fig. below). QT clustering forms large clusters of genes with similar expression patterns and ensures a quality guarantee for each cluster, defined by its diameter and the minimum number of genes contained in each cluster. The diameter was defined as the minimum Pearson’s correlation r>0.75 and the minimal number ...

Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer : sources of variability and diagnostic implications Jarzab B., Wiench M., Fujarewicz K., Simek K., Jarzab M., Oczko M., Wloch J., Czarniecka A., Chmielik E., Lange D., Pawlaczek A., Szpak S., Gubala E., Swierniak A. We also performed paired sample analysis on probe-level expression values, using algorithms implemented in MAS 5.0 (comparative analysis), with default p-value 0.005. The number of genes, the expression of which was significantly altered in the same direction, was related to the number of tumor-normal tissue pairs in which this condition was fulfilled (Fig. below). 2639 genes were changed in 50% of tumor-normal pairs analyzed; the most stringent criterion (i.e. change in all 16 pairs) was met by 110 transcripts. A list containing genes significantly changed in one direction in at least 75% of pairs, i.e. in 12 tumor/normal tissue pairs, was used ...

Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer : sources of variability and diagnostic implications Jarzab B., Wiench M., Fujarewicz K., Simek K., Jarzab M., Oczko M., Wloch J., Czarniecka A., Chmielik E., Lange D., Pawlaczek A., Szpak S., Gubala E., Swierniak A. Affymetrix GeneChip oligonucleotide microarray methods Samples (100-150 mg) were ground in liquid nitrogen and homogenized in RLT Buffer (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) with beta-mercaptoethanol (10 ml/L) added. RNA was extracted using a RNeasy Midi Kit (Qiagen) and re-purified with a RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen), including a digestion step with RNase-free DNase I set (Qiagen). RNA quantity was measured by UV spectrophotometry, and quality was assessed by the ratio of absorption at 260/280 nm and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. For first strand cDNA synthesis an aliquot of RNA (8 µg) was mixed with T7-oligo (dT) 24 primer ...

Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer : sources of variability and diagnostic implications Jarzab B., Wiench M., Fujarewicz K., Simek K., Jarzab M., Oczko M., Wloch J., Czarniecka A., Chmielik E., Lange D., Pawlaczek A., Szpak S., Gubala E., Swierniak A. Singular Value Decomposition The algorithm of matrix decomposition was used to obtain orthogonal vectors called characteristic modes (supergenes) which represent major independent (not correlated) variability patterns in the analyzed data. As a result, for every gene in the array a set of coefficients was obtained, defining the contribution of the ith mode to the expression pattern of the kth gene. Each coefficient was compared to the cut-off value, equal to W•n -1/2 , where n was the number of genes and W was a weight factor. Its value was set to 3 and, if greater, the corresponding gene was included in the set of ...

Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer : sources of variability and diagnostic implications Jarzab B., Wiench M., Fujarewicz K., Simek K., Jarzab M., Oczko M., Wloch J., Czarniecka A., Chmielik E., Lange D., Pawlaczek A., Szpak S., Gubala E., Swierniak A. RFR algorithm analyzed the discrimination power of consecutive sets with an increasing number of genes in each set (ranging from 1-100 genes). For each set, the iterative assessment of the classification quality was performed. The classification quality index increased quickly with sets composed of 3-10 genes and approached a plateau at a 20-gene set size. Between 20 and 40 genes only minor changes in quality index occurred; in sets containing more than 40 genes the quality of the classification slowly declined. For the further evaluation we chose the 20-element gene set. Fig. Recurrent Feature Replacement classification quality index ...

Indian Journal of Cancer | April - June 2004 | Volume 41 | Issue 2 89 Isolated submandibular gland metastasis from an occult papillary thyroid cancer Sarda AK, Pandey D, Bhalla SA, Goyal A Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi - 110002, India. Correspondence to: Dr. A. K. Sarda, E-mail: aksarda@rediffmail.com Case Report Abstract A case of an isolated submandibular gland metastasis from a clinically occult papillary thyroid carcinoma is described in a 46-year old lady. Initial surgery was done based on the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) report of adenocarcinoma of the submandibular gland. Histopathologic examination of the specimen suggested a metastatic papillary carcinoma. Occult papillary carcinoma in the thyroid was found by multiple blind FNACs. Subsequently to near-total thyroidectomy, no other ...

Tumori, 90: 273-275, 2004 Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Ministry for Science and Technology of Serbia through contracts No. 8651/1996-2000 and No. 1927/2002-2004. Correspondence to: Dr Vladan Zivaljevic, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Institute of Endocrinology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Koste Todorovica 8, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. Tel +381-11-361-5788; fax +381-11-3615768; e-mail abvzival@Eunet.Yu Received November 4, 2003; accepted December 19, 2003. Aga - T umor i 3/04 - Ziv alje vic CIGARETTE SMOKING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER OF THE THYROID IN WOMEN Vladan Zivaljevic 1 , Hristina Vlajinac 2 , Jelena Marinkovic 3 , Ivan Paunovic 1 , Aleksandar Diklic 1 , and Radan Dzodic 4 1 Center for Endocrine Surgery, Institute ...

NYCRIS Thyroid Cancer Project - 151001 Study No. H1 visited H2 visited H3 visited 1. Patient Identifiers & Treatment Details Registry number * Tumour number * Date of birth * Age at diagnosis * Sex * GP referral date * Diagnosis date * Death date * Surgery * Radiotherapy * Chemotherapy * Date of Radiotherapy * Type of Surgery 1 * Date of Surgery 1 * Type of Surgery 2 * Date of Surgery 2 * Reason for No T* * Cause of Death 1 * Cause of Death 2 * Cause of Death 3 * 2. Investigating/Diagnosing Hospitals/Unit Numbers Hosp. No. 1 * Actual Order Unit No * Date * Consultant * Specialty ...

NYCRIS Thyroid Cancer Project – Pilot Results n=35 Study No. H1 visited H2 visited H3 visited 1. Patient Identifiers & Treatment Details Registry number * Tumour number * Date of birth * Age at diagnosis * Sex * GP referral date * Diagnosis date * Death date 20% Surgery * Radiotherapy * Chemotherapy * Date of Radiotherapy * Type of Surgery 1 * Date of Surgery 1 * Type of Surgery 2 * Date of Surgery 2 * Reason for No T* * Cause of Death 1 * Cause of Death 2 * Cause of Death 3 * 2. Investigating/Diagnosing Hospitals/Unit Numbers Hosp. No. 1 * Actual Order Unit No * Date * Consultant ...

British Association of Endocrine Surgeons - Thyroid Malignancy Guidelines Page 1 of 6 Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Summary British Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Surgical Management of Endocrine Disease (Nov 2000) Thyroid Malignancy Guidelines Investigation • FNA is mandatory and should be performed at first clinic visit. • Chest X-Ray is required. • CT or MRI may be indicated in patients with extensive or recurrent disease. • Patients undergoing thyroid surgery should have thyroid function and serum calcium recorded prior to operation. • Preoperative laryngoscopy is indicated in the presence of voice change, clinically suspected or proven malignant disease. Preparation for Surgery Patients must be informed of the risks of thyroid surgery and the increased risks associated with more radical surgery for malignant disease (viz hypoparathyroidism ...

1 NYCRIS Regional Audit Outcomes in thyroid cancer : what factors are important? Steering group meeting – Blackwell Grange Wednesday 20 th March 2002 at 11:00 a.m. Present Dr C Bennett, Information Projects Manager, NYCRIS Miss P Durning, Consultant Surgeon, South Cleveland Hospital (Chair) Mrs K Evans, Assistant Project Officer, NYCRIS Dr G Gerrard, Clinical Oncologist, Cookridge Hospital Mrs C Ingham, The British Thyroid Foundation Mr M Lansdown, Consultant Surgeon, SJUH Dr U Mallick, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, NCCT Dr P Perros, Consultant Endocrinologist, Freeman Hospital Apologies Dr S Atkin, Consultant Endocrinologist, Hull Royal Infirmary Mr J England, Consultant ENT Surgeon, Hull Royal Infirmary Dr S Gilby, Consultant Endocrinologist, SJUH Dr S Johnson, Consultant Clinical Pathologist, RVI Prof. P Kendall-Taylor, ...

thyroid_protocol_18-july-2001_draft.doc 1 NYCRIS Regional Audit Project Outcomes in thyroid cancer : what factors are important? ? PROTOCOL ? Pilot Study Page 2 thyroid_protocol_18-july-2001_draft.doc 2 1. Background i) Background and Recommended Treatment for Thyroid Cancer Thyroid cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer , in the Northern and Yorkshire region there are around 120 cases annually. The prognosis for thyroid cancers is generally good, with middle aged adults with differentiated thyroid carcinoma showing a 10 year survival rate of 80-90%, overall. Papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma are the most common. These two types are grouped together by some doctors and called differentiated thyroid cancer . Medullary cancer , Hürthle cell carcinoma (a subtype of follicular cancer ) ...

NYCRIS Regional Audit The Management of Thyroid Cancer Steering Group Meeting Friarage Hospital, 2:00 p.m., 8 th March 2001 1. Welcome and Introductions Cathy Bennett welcomed Steering Group members and introductions were made. As a preamble to the meeting Cathy Bennett gave a brief overview of the work done by NYCRIS, including previous audits. Present: Dr C Bennett , Projects Manager, Information Services, NYCRIS (Chair) Miss P Durning , Consultant Surgeon, South Cleveland Hospital Dr J Hardman , Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South Cleveland Hospital Dr M Lansdown , Consultant Surgeon, St James’s University Hospital Dr U Mallick , Consultant Clinical Oncologist, Northern Centre for Cancer Treatment Ms C Storer , Projects Officer, Information Services, NYCRIS Mrs R Tate , Projects Co-ordinator, Information Services, NYCRIS Dr H Watson , Consultant ...

Management of Thyroid Cancer in the Northern and Yorkshire region 1998-1999 NYCRIS 2004 Appendix 1 - Registrations Total Number of Registrations of Thyroid Cancer in NYCRIS region in 1998 & 1999 by Type 1998 1999 Total % Follicular 47 36 83 28% Papillary 76 85 161 54% Medullary 8 5 13 4% Anaplastic 14 4 18 6% Unspecified 13 10 23 8% Grand Total 158 140 298 100% Note: 55 cases were excluded from the study sample Source: Northern & Yorkshire Cancer Registry & Information Service Page 2 Management of Thyroid Cancer in the Northern and Yorkshire region 1998-1999 NYCRIS 2004 Appendix 2 - Surgical Treatment Combinations of Surgery for Thyroid Cancer ...

NYCRIS Regional Audit The Management of Thyroid Cancer Steering Group Meeting South Cleveland Hospital, 3:00 p.m., 15th May 2001 1. Welcome and Introductions New members of the group were introduced and welcomed and Miss Durning read out the apologies received. Present: Dr Z Amir, Senior Research Fellow, NYCRIS Dr C Bennett , Projects Manager, Information Services, NYCRIS (Chair) Miss P Durning (Chairperson) , Consultant Surgeon, South Cleveland Hospital Ms Trisha Feber , Clinical Nurse Specialist, Cookridge Hospital Mrs C Ingham, The British Thyroid Foundation Dr S Johnson , Consultant Clinical Pathologist, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Dr M Lansdown , Consultant Surgeon, St James’s University Hospital Dr U Mallick , Consultant Clinical Oncologist, Northern Centre for Cancer Treatment Ms C Storer , Projects Officer, Information Services, NYCRIS Mrs R Tate ...

NYCRIS Regional Audit The Management of Thyroid Cancer Steering Group Meeting Blackwell Grange Hotel, Darlington, 3:00 p.m., 18 th July 2001 Present: Dr S Atkin, Consultant Endocrinologist, Hull Royal Infirmary Dr C Bennett, Projects Manager, Information Services, NYCRIS Dr C Coyle, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, Cookridge Hospital Mr J England, Consultant ENT Surgeon, Hull Royal Infirmary Dr J Hardman, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South Cleveland Hospital Mrs C Ingham, The British Thyroid Foundation Mr M Lansdown, Consultant Surgeon, St James’s University Hospital Dr U Mallick (Chairperson), Consultant Clinical Oncologist, Northern Centre for Cancer Treatment Mrs R Tate, Projects Co-ordinator, Information Services, NYCRIS Apologies: Miss P Durning, Consultant Surgeon, South Cleveland Hospital Dr S Gilby, Consultant Endocrinologist, ...

www.thyca.org Designed by Evelyn Gross Jan. 2004 1 ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors’Association, Inc. SM Page 2 www.thyca.org Designed by Evelyn Gross Jan. 2004 2 ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors’Association, Inc. SM An all-volunteer non-profit 501 (c)(3) organization of thyroid cancer survivors, family members, and health professionals, dedicated to support, communication, and education for thyroid cancer survivors, their families, and friends. www.thyca.org 1-877-588-7904 thyca@thyca.org Page 3 www.thyca.org Designed by Evelyn Gross Jan. 2004 3 Meet Our Medical Advisory Council Kenneth B. Ain, M.D . U. of Kentucky, KY Kenneth D. Burman, M.D. Washington Hosp. ...

@ Canadian Thyroid Cancer Support Group (Thry’vors) Inc. -- 2004 www.thryvors.org 1 Glossary of Commonly Used Terms Related to Thyroid Cancer Source: adapted from National Cancer Institute. For more information visit: http:// cancer .gov/dictionary/ A abnormal Not normal. In referring to a lesion or growth, may be either cancerous or premalignant (likely to become cancer acute Symptoms or signs that begin and worsen quickly; not chronic. adenocarcinoma (AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma) Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties. adenoma (ad-in-O-ma) A noncancerous tumour. adjunctive therapy Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment or increase their comfort. adverse effect An unwanted side effect ...

1 Minutes - Annual General Meeting May 1, 2004 Canadian Thyroid Cancer Support Group (Thry’vors) Inc. Meeting - May 1, 2004, 10:00 a.m. Wellspring Halton-Peel, 2545 Sixth Line, Oakville Attendees: Rita Banach, President, Toronto Nancy Williams, Vice President, Oakville Grace Wright, Secretary/Treasurer, Toronto Dianne Dodd, Director, Ottawa Beth Rajnovich, Director, Bedford, NS (by phone) Lorilea Erratt, Member, Chesterville Diane Patching, Director, Orangeville Louise Beggs, Member, Stittsville Ann Dreger, Member, Aurora Kathy Goode, Member, Mississauga Biljana Magazin, Member, Ottawa Donna Murray, Member, St. Thomas Jody Smith, Member, Dundroon Rob Smith, Member, Dundroon Yiannoula Voulgaris, Member, Scarborough Lynda Murtha, Member, Toronto Meeting was chaired by Rita Banach. 1. Call to order Rita welcomed the attendees and affirmed that quorum ...

THYROID CANCER RISK AFTER THYROID EXAMINATION WITH 131 I: A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY IN SWEDEN Paul W. D ICKMAN 1 *, Lars-Erik H OLM 2 , Göran L UNDELL 3 , John D. B OICE , J R . 4,5 and Per H ALL 1 1 Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 2 Swedish Radiation Protection Board, Stockholm, Sweden 3 Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 4 International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA 5 Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Ionizing radiation is the only established cause of thyroid cancer , though the effect of diagnostic administration of 131 ...

Anesthetic Management of Metastatic Thyroid Cancer with Perioperative Hypoxemia Nazia Choudhury, MD, Mary M. Joseph, MD, Vikash Modi, MD, Dennis Maceri, MD Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA Distant metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer are usually localized in the lungs or bones. The incidence of distant metastases in patients with Papillary Thyroid cancer is approximately 2-3% (1) and involvement of the central nervous system is rare. Case Report: A 34-year-old male, height 5’6”, weight 107kg, ASA 1V with Papillary Thyroid Cancer and metastases to the Lungs and the Brain was scheduled for a right occipital craniotomy with excision of intracranial mass and total thyroidectomy. The patient had no previous medical history and presented to the hospital with a history of recent onset diplopia ...

BIOMETRICS 57, 689-697 September 2001 Thyroid Cancer Following Scalp Irradiation: A Reanalysis Accounting for Uncertainty in Dosimetry Daniel W. Schafer,l>* Jay H. Lubin,' Elaine Ron,' Marilyn Stvall, and Raymond J. Carroll4 'Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4606, U.S.A. 2Biostatistics Branch and Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza South, 6120 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7368, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7244, U.S.A. 3Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas ...

570 MJA Vol 176 17 June 2002 EDITORIALS The AMA believes that, as a general principle, advertise- ments must be honest, must not exploit patients’ vulnerabil- ity or lack of medical knowledge, and should provide only factual information. Any advertisement for a doctor’s serv- ices should present information that is reasonably necessary for making an informed decision about the appropriateness and availability of the medical services offered. 6 In recognition of the need for a middle ground between the traditional ban on advertising and the current deregu- lated environment, the Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria has produced draft guidelines which will provide clear guidance for doctors who wish to advertise their services. A summary of the guidelines is presented in the Box. 7 Whether we agree with changes in contemporary views which ...

Radiation and Thyroid Cancer Technical Considerations for the Use of Stable Iodine after a Nuclear Reactor Accident in Australia prepared by Dr Stephen B Solomon Health Physics Section ARPANSA, Melbourne Technical Report 136 ISSN 0157-1400 May 2004 ARPANSA Lower Plenty Road YALLAMBIE VIC 3085 Phone 61 3 9433 2211 Fax: 61 3 9432 1835 Email: info@arpansa.gov.au Web: www.arpansa.gov.au Page 2 2 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER Copyright © Australian Government 2004 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. All other rights are reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright ...

About Thyroid Cancer • Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer . • It occurs in all age groups, mainly adults. It affects about three times as many women as men. • Its incidence has increased in recent years—by about 3% per 100,000 people per year. It's the #1 cancer in incidence growth in women and #3 in men. • There are several types—papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic, and variants. • An estimated 23,600 people, including 17,640 women and 5,960 men will be diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2004 in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society. About 840 women and 620 men (1,460 total) will die of thyroid cancer in 2004. Signs to discuss with your physician • You feel a lump in your neck, or your doctor may notice a nodule in your neck during a routine checkup. Most of these thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous). ...

Tumori, 90: 9-12, 2004 Acknowledgments: The work was supported by the Ministry for Science and Technology of Serbia through contract no. 8651 (1996-2000).ont Correspondence to: Dr Vladan Zivaljevic, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Institute of Endocrinology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Koste Todorovica 8, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. Tel +381-11-361-7777/3262; fax +381-11-3615768; e-mail abvzival@Eunet.Yu Received April 17, 2003; accepted July 23, 2003. CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER Vladan Zivaljevic 1 , Hristina Vlajinac 2 , Radovan Jankovic 1 , Jelena Marinkovic 3 , Aleksandar Diklic 1 , and Ivan Paunovic 1 1 Center for Endocrine Surgery, Institute of Endocrinology, Clinical Center of Serbia; 2 Institute of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, ...

Dynamic Accumulation and Distribution of [ 18 F]FDG in Human Thyroid Cancer Model on Nude Mice: by INER Animal Rotating PET Scanner and Micro-Autoradiography Ying-Ling Sun 1 , Meei-Ling Jan 1 , Pan-Fu Kao 2 , Kuo-Hsien Fan 1 , Wen-Chen Chang 3 , Te-Wei Lee 1 , Gann Ting 1 1 Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Lung-Tan, Taiwan 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan Received 1/8/2002; accepted 1/17/2002. For correspondence or reprints contact: Pan-Fu Kao, M.D., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, 199 Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: ...

Negotiating the Emotional Ups and Downs of Thyroid Cancer : For Patients, Family and Friends 1 By Dianne Dodd © February 2004 1 Based on two articles original published in thyrobulletin, the newsletter of the Thyroid Foundation of Canada and in A Patient’s Guide to Thyroid Cancer , by Leonard Wartofsky, et al. I would like to thank both the ThyCa Association and the Canadian Thyroid Cancer Support Group (Thry’vors) Inc., and the many thyroid cancer survivors I met online for providing much of the material and the inspiration for this work. Thanks also to Michael, Elizabeth, Kathleen and Melanie who were just always there. Page 2 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Diagnosis: Waiting, Worrying and “Why Me?” 4 Navigating Your Way Through the Medical System 8 Surgery 10 Going “Hypo” and ...

242 MJA Vol 180 1 March 2004 Endocrinology MJ A Practice Essentials The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: 0025-729X 1 March 2004 180 5 242-247 ©The Medical Journal of Australia 2004 www.mja.com.au MJA Practice Essentials – Endocrinology Thyroid nodules are very common, but have a relatively low risk of malignancy T HYROID NODULES ARE COMMON and of concern because of the risk of malignancy and hyperfunction. The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer appears to be increasing, both in Australia and worldwide. 1 While some of this increase is due to detection of small lesions by sensitive diagnostic tests such as ultrasonography, there also seems to be an increase in larger lesions. The cause of this is unknown. Epidemiology The reported prevalence of thyroid nodules varies with the ...