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RESEARCH NEWS CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 81, NO. 6, 25 SEPTEMBER 2001 641 New perspectives in cancer diagnosis and treatment by gene profiling Cancers are caused by a variety of genetic alterations. Mutations in oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes represent the primary genetic lesions – their activation and inactivation, respectively, trigger car- cinogenesis. A large number of mutational events and altered programme of gene expression, however, set in when primary tumours evolve to their final malignant state. In colorectal cancers, for instance, mutations leading to inactivation of ade- nomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour- suppressor triggers cancerous transforma- tions, resulting in constitutive expression of downstream genes which are involved in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis 1 . During these early stages of ...

Statistically Optimized Biopsy Strategy for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Dinggang Shen 1 , Zhiqiang Lao 1 , Jianchao Zeng 2 , Edward H. Herskovits 1 , Gabor Fichtinger 3 , Christos Davatzikos 1,3 1 Center for Biomedical Image Computing, Depart. of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University 2 ISIS Center, Radiology Department, Georgetown University Medical Center 3 Center for Comp.-Integrated Surgical Systems and Tech., Johns Hopkins University E-mails: dgshen@cbmv.jhu.edu, hristos@rad.jhu.edu Abstract This paper presents a method for optimizing prostate needle biopsy, by creating a statistical atlas of the spatial distribution of prostate cancer from a large patient cohort. In order to remove inter-individual morphological variability and to determine the ...

Radiologic Tests after a New Diagnosis of Breast Cancer CONTEXT. Radiologic tests may be overused in the staging of newly diagnosed breast cancer . OBJECTIVE. To determine the frequency with which radiologic tests are used in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer and the yield of such tests in these patients. METHODS. We used the tumor registry database from the Hoag Cancer Center, Newport Beach, California, to identify and classify the disease stage of all patients with breast cancer who received a diagnosis from or were initially treated by Hoag staff from 1990 to 1994. After excluding patients with unknown tumor (T) and lymph node (N) status, we retrospectively determined the frequency with which radiologic tests were performed within 4 weeks of diagnosis and the proportion of these tests that detected metastatic disease. ...

RULES FOR MELANOMA SKIN CANCER DIAGNOSIS Wlodzislaw Duch, Krzysztof Grabczewski, Rafal Adamczak, Karol Grudzinski Department of Computer Methods, Nicholas Copernicus University, Grudzi ?adzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland; http://www.phys.uni.torun.pl/kmk Zdzislaw S. Hippe Department of Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence, University of Information Technology and Management, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland ABSTRACT Analysis of medical data requires not only classification of patterns but also some data understand- ing. Several systems for extraction of logical rules from data have been applied to analysis of the melanoma skin cancer data. These systems include neural, decision tree and inductive algorithms for rule extraction and minimal-distance methods used for comparison. Very simple and accurate classi- fication rules for the 4 types of melanoma are given. INTRODUCTION Expert ...

Transrectal Ultrasound and Biopsy in the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Jeffrey C. Applewhite, MD, Brian R.Matlaga, MD, MPH, David L.McCullough, MD, and M.Craig Hall, MD Background: Historically, the prostate was evaluated for cancer by simple digital rectal examination, and biopsy to obtain a tissue diagnosis of cancer was performed blindly. The advent of ultrasound technology offered a new way to evaluate the prostate, and biopsy techniques were soon developed to incorporate ultrasound guidance. Methods: The authors review the role of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate and ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate in the diagnosis of prostate cancer . These techniques are traced from their origins to the current standards of care, with attention paid to developments and controversies in recent literature. Results: Early experience with TRUS led to the description ...

33 2. BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 1 Deidre Gifford MD, MPH and Lisa Schmidt, MPH The literature for this chapter was identified by a MEDLINE search of English language review articles from 1992 to the present on the subjects of breast mass, breast cancer treatment, and breast cancer follow-up. Consensus statements and guidelines on the subject were also reviewed, after which topics for indicators were developed. Randomized trials and meta-analyses pertinent to the indicators were then examined to verify the information contained in the reviews and to finalize the indicators. The topic of screening for breast cancer is covered in Chapter 1. IMPORTANCE See Chapter 1 for a discussion of the importance of breast cancer . DIAGNOSIS Clinical examination of the breast can detect a mass, but it is not sufficient to distinguish a benign from a malignant process (Donegan, ...

IMPROVED 3-D ULTRASOUND IMAGING AND VASCULARITY ASSESSMENT FOR BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT Paul L. Carson*, Gerald L. LeCarpentier, Jochen Krücker, Charles R. Meyer, Marilyn A. Roubidoux, J. Brian Fowlkes, Pamela T. Bhatti. Mark A. Helvie Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI pcarson@umich.edu Technical developments were performed to improve the potential of ultrasound imaging for breast cancer diagnosis and management. The work contributed to ongoing clinical studies of discrimination of malignant breast masses. A major effort was development and use of 3-D image volume registration and display techniques to coregister serial 3-D ultrasound studies using the mutual information-based software MIAMI Fuse™. Coregistration in several applications allowed correction for alignment differences, beam steering errors and tissue motion. A primary application ...

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER (HNPCC) Anu-Maria Loukola Department of Medical Genetics Haartman Institute University of Helsinki Finland Academic Dissertation To be publicly discussed with the permission of the Medical Faculty of the University of Helsinki, in the large lecture hall of the Haartman Institute, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, on the 29 th of September at 12 noon. Helsinki 2000 Page 2 ii Supervised by: Lauri A. Aaltonen, MD, PhD Docent Department of Medical Genetics Haartman Institute University of Helsinki Finland Reviewed by: Charis Eng, MD, PhD Director Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine The Ohio State University ...

For more information about breast health or breast cancer , call the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation’s Toll-Free Helpline at 1.800 I’M AWARE ® (1.800.462.9273) or visit the Web site at www.komen.org. Anyone who has ever had cancer remembers what it felt like hearing the diagnosis for the first time. You can feel angry, afraid, cheated, overwhelmed and uncertain about the future. But in time you learn you can take control of your life. Your medical team, family and friends (your co-survivors) can help you through the process. Here’s how: STEP 1: Planning your journey Your doctor reviewed your pathology report and made a diagnosis of breast cancer . The same report will be used to determine your prognosis (chances of recovery from breast cancer ) and to suggest a course of treatment. Making this plan is the first step in the process of healing. You can ...

16 No. 9 Tsunoda et al. Diagnosis System of Drug Sensitivity of Cancer Using cDNA Microarray and Multivariate Statistical Analysis Tatsuhiko Tsunoda 1 Yoshiaki Hojo 2 Chikashi Kihara 1 tatsu@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp hojo@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp chika@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp Norihiko Shiraishi 1 Osamu Kitahara 1 Kenji Ono 1 katoben@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp osamuk@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp onoken@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp Toshihiro Tanaka 1 Toshihisa Takagi 1 Yusuke Nakamura 1 toshitan@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp takagi@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp yusuke@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1 Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan 2 Hitachi, Ltd. Information Systems Group. ...

Mining Knowledge in X-Ray Images for Lung Cancer Diagnosis P etra P erner 1 Abstract. Availability of digital data within picture archiving and communication systems raises a possibility of health care and research enhancement associated with manipulation, processing and handling of data by computers. That is the basis for computer- assisted radiology development. Further development of computer- assisted radiology is associated with the use of new intelligent capabilities such as multimedia support and data mining in order to discover the relevant knowledge for diagnosis . In this paper, we present our work on data mining in medical picture archiving systems. We use decision tree induction in order to learn the knowledge for computer-assisted image analysis. We are applying our method to interpretation of x-ray images for lung cancer ...

1 THE ROLE OF SESTAMIBI SCINTIMAMMOGRAM IN BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS Chan Hee Park, M.D. FACR. FACNP Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea Over the past decade scintimammogram (SM) had been sporadically used without much success for the detection of breast cancer using various radionuclides (Table 1). Again the role of SM as a diagnostic test was in question until 1994 when Khalkhali et al described successful breast cancer imaging 99m Tc-sestamibi prone lateral SM. Since then several authors have studied the clinical usefulness of 99m Tc-sestamibi SM in the evaluation of breast cancer . It has recently became a clinically useful method for breast cancer diagnosis . 99m Tc-sestamibi or MIBI (methoxyisobutylisonitrile) which is lipophilic 99m Tc organometallic complex was developed as a myocardial perfusion agent. Sestamibi ...

Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology 3: 89-93, 2004. Haliç University, Printed in Turkey. 89 Introduction: Prostate cancer (pCA) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in men in USA and also world wide (American Cancer Society, 2002; DeMarzo et al., 1999). Mortality in prostate carcinoma is associated with metastasis and metastasis in prostate carcinoma is usually associated with perineural invasion, for it is the preferred mechanism of prostate cancer metastasis. One of the current theory states this form of metastasis follows the path of least resistance offered by the perineural sheath. Understanding E-cadherin immunohistochemistry for prostate cancer early diagnosis and monitoring of illness Serdar Arisan*, Cem Sönmez, ‹brahim Duman, Turhan Çaflkurlu, Ayhan Dalk›l›ç, Erbil Ergenekon *fiiflli Etfal Research and Training Hospital, 1st Urology ...

37 Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis Objective: Increase the percent of all cancer that is diagnosed in the early stages to at least 57.1% The percentage of cancers which are first detected in the early stages serves as an indicator of the quantity, quality, and effectiveness of screening efforts. At the time of initial diagnosis , cancer is considered in the early stages of development if it has not spread beyond its organ of origin. Staging information helps guide treatment selection and planning, by relating an individual patient’s prognosis to the outcomes experienced by previous patients with cancers detected at the same point of development and treated with various methods. Generally, early stage cancers have the most favorable outcomes. Therefore, by increasing the percentage of all cancers that are detected before progressing to a later stage of development, cancer mortality should decrease. ...

43 Stage of Colorectal Cancer at Diagnosis Objective: Increase the percent of colorectal cancer that is diagnosed in the early stage to at least 40.6%. According to the American Cancer Society, cancers of the colon or rectum account for about 9% of all cancer cases in the United States. People with colorectal cancers diagnosed in a localized stage can be treated with great success and have a 5-year survival rate of 91%. Unfortunately, only 37% of all colorectal cancers are discovered in the local stage, and the survival rate plummets as the cancer has the opportunity to advance. Early detection of colorectal cancers occurs through digital rectal exams at a physician’s office, fecal occult blood testing, and sigmoidoscopy (fiberoptic inspection of the rectum and lower colon). Recommended guidelines suggest that these tests should be conducted annually beginning with age 40, annually beginning ...

41 Stage of Cervical Cancer at Diagnosis Objective: Increase the percent of cervical cancer that is diagnosed in the in situ stage to at least 84.5%. Nationally, cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates were roughly cut in half during the 1970s and 1980s, due in large part to Pap screening. The role of screening in reducing cervical cancer mortality is unmistakable, as cervical cancers diagnosed in the earliest invasive stage, local, can be very successfully treated, with a 5-year survival rate of 91%. Low socioeconomic status, multiple sex partners, early age at first intercourse, and cigarette smoking have been associated with high cervical cancer rates. Cervical cancers are now most often detected in the in situ stage, which is prior to becoming invasive and is the earliest stage detectable. In Virginia, 77% of all cervical cancers reported for 1992 were diagnosed in this stage, although ...

39 Stage of Breast Cancer at Diagnosis Objective: Increase the percent of breast cancer that is diagnosed in the early stages to at least 72.9% . The American Cancer Society (ACS) reports a national increase in breast cancer incidence during the 1980s, which has since leveled off. While still the second most frequent cancer cause of death among women, the mortality rates are declining for white women and younger black women. In both instances this is attributed to increased screening efforts and the detection of many breast cancers before they have become clinically apparent. The ACS estimates that 90 to 95% of all breast cancers can be detected through mammography. In Virginia, nearly two-thirds of all breast cancers reported for 1992 were diagnosed in the early stages, although the percentage for black women (58.5%) lagged behind that for white women (66.8%). Increased use of mammography ...

A property-based model for lung cancer diagnosis Alma Barranco-Mendoza 1 , Deryck R. Persaud 2 , Verónica Dahl 3 Keywords: cancer diagnosis , biomarkers, molecular targets, logic programming, constraint handling rules, concept formation. 1 Introduction. To this day, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death for both sexes: almost one- third of cancer deaths among men and almost one-quarter among women. [1] Survival rates for lung cancer are low. It is suggested that only about 15% of patients are diagnosed at the early stages. The average 5-year survival rate for patients that are diagnosed early is 48% compared to 15% for those who were diagnosed at the later stages. [2] It is well known that the survival rates can be improved by the early detection of pre-invasive lesions, which are believed to be the possible precursors ...

Neutron-Based Imaging May Lead to Earlier Breast Cancer Diagnosis Carey Floyd ( carey.floyd@duke.edu ) 12 , C Howell 2 , A Kapadia 2 , B Harrawood 1 , J Xia 2 , G Tourassi 1 , (1)Duke University Medical Center, Durham,NC, (2)Duke University, Durham,NC Lay-language Version of WE-D-315-6 Wednesday, July 28, 2:45 PM 2004 AAPM Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA Neutron Image of an Iron-Copper Sample INTRODUCTION In an active collaboration between the radiology and physics departments, Duke University researchers are developing a new approach to molecular imaging called Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography (NSECT). The long-term goal is to develop technology for non-invasively mapping the concentration of any isotope, stable or radioactive, in any selected 3-D volume of the body. ...

Medical College of Georgia School of Nursing Center for Nursing Research Seminar Race, Ethnicity, SES & Stage at Breast Cancer Diagnosis : Toward a More Comprehensive Model Presented By Richard T. Campbell Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago Institute for Health Research and Policy M/C 275 University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60608 Abstract Recent interest in SES, race and ethnic disparities in health outcomes has stimulated a great deal of work various aspects of breast cancer . Using data on some 30,000 cases diagnosed in Cook County, IL. between 1994 and 2000, we examine the effects of age, race and Hispanic ethnicity and poverty on stage at initial diagnosis . As with most such studies, it is difficult to disentangle the effects ...

4100 John R | Detroit, MI 48201 (800) KARMANOS (1-800-527-6266) www.karmanos.org | info@karmanos.org (313) 966-8646 (fax) The Meyer L. Prentis Comprehensive Cancer Center of Metropolitan Detroit, operated by the Karmanos Cancer Institute, is one of 39 nationally- designated comprehensive cancer centers in the United States. Questions You Should Ask A cancer diagnosis can be complicated. But patients who ask questions and remain involved in their treatment decisions feel more in control. Write down questions when you think of them. Bring a family member or friend to your physician appointments to take notes. If anything is unclear, ask again. Keep your notes in one place. 1. What is my exact diagnosis ? 2. What are my treatment options? 3. What do you recommend? What would physicians in other specialties recommend? 4. What are the side effects and complications of ...

T he Mammography Quality Standards Act passed in 1992 by the federal government, although representing one of the most intrusive governmental actions ever regarding the practice of medi- cine, clearly represented a true advance for American women. The truth is that up until that point radiologists and clinicians were doing a poor job at breast cancer diagnosis . Since that time radiologists have tried to maintain high quality mammography services nation wide. The breast imaging community is endangered. A recent published poll of radiol- ogy residents revealed that while most thought that breast specialists should interpret breast exams, the majority would not consider a fellowship in breast imaging. Cited reasons included high stress, medicolegal risk and low reimbursement. Technologists are choosing mammography as a career in smaller num- bers. Even in the best ...

A Sparse Solution Approach to Gene Selection for Cancer Diagnosis Using Microarray Data Yoonkyung Lee Department of Statistics The Ohio State University http://www.stat.ohio-state.edu/~yklee May 13, 2005 Page 2 Microarray Data Relative amount of mRNAs of tens of thousands of genes. (e.g. Affymetrix Human U133a GeneChips: 22K genes) Gene expression profiles as fingerprints at the molecular level. Potential for cancer diagnosis or prognosis. Examples Golub et al. (1999) Science : acute leukemia classification. Perou et al. (2000) Nature : breast cancer subclass identification. Van’t Veer et al. (2002) Nature : breast cancer prognosis. Page 3 Objectives and related issues Accurate diagnosis or prognosis. Interpretability. Subset selection or dimension reduction. Systematic ...

Frost & Sullivan Market Insight Published: 24 Feb 2006 Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Thailand: Private Hospitals Moving into the Digital World Date Published: 24 Feb 2006 By Poornima Srinivasan, Senior Research Analyst, Healthcare Group, Asia pacific Breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer among Thai women after cervix cancer . Although the incidence rate is low in Thailand when compared to other countries in Southeast Asia, it has been increasing over the past few years with more than 5000 new cases reported every year. Key factors contributing to increased incidence are lifestyle changes, dietary patterns, and genetic issues. Cancer registries in Thailand observe that most cancer were detected at a very late stage, with more than 50 percent of patients receiving treatment at stages III and IV. This drastically reduces the chances for a full recovery. To reverse this trend, ...

cancer diagnosis 1581 Cancer 101 Cancer Diagnosis & Staging Lesson 3 We will learn to explain to family and friends: What is meant by the term “biopsy” How tumors behave differently from one another Examples of the stages of cancer and their meaning. Why staging is important How Cambodians are doing with staging of cancers What is diagnosis ? Possible existence of cancer (symptoms or screening) Doctor will perform a biopsy (surgical removal of a small piece of tissue) Microscopic examination (Tells the doctor whether a tumor is actually present) Benign &nbs...